Business

The Randomized Trial Of Function- Based Cognitive...

In the study â€Å"Preliminary Randomized Trial of Function- Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy to Treat Obsessive Compulsive Behavior in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder† by the Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities journal, groups of eight to twelve-year-old children with high functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder are assessed. All of these children, in addition to the diagnosis of autism, exhibit the challenging behavior of obsessive compulsions, also known as OCB. Although none of the children have an Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder diagnosis, they exhibit many of the behaviors, and it often interferes with learning. There is little research about effective intervention strategies for OCB. In this study, in a preliminary trial, function-based cognitive-behavior therapy (Fb-CBT) consisting of psychoeducation and mapping, cognitive-behavioral skills training, exposure, and response prevention, as well as function-based behavioral assessment, is used to comb at the challenging behaviors of OCB. The results of the study indicated that the challenging behaviors decreased with these intervention strategies. A functional behavior assessment involves determining why a student is exhibiting challenging behaviors. A function-based approach would draw information from several sources to develop this hypothesis. Cognitive-behavior therapy is a type of psychotherapy that helps to redirect unhelpful thinking and to change behavior. Therefore, a function-basedShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Health Care For The Safest Treatment Of Patients Essay1852 Words   |  8 Pagesevidence-based practice. Evidence-based practice is derived from various research studies conducted to show the latest discoveries in health care for the safest treatment of patients. According to Baldi et al. (2014), there has been a major increase for the need of evidence-based practice research for nurses in recent decades in various countries. That being said, there are m ultiple structures and formats for conducting research studies. The most noted structure for evidenced-based practice researchRead MoreAvoidance Of Experiences That May Create Negative Internal Reactions1507 Words   |  7 Pageswith internal experiences, decrease experiential avoidance and increase engagement in valued action. To achieve these objectives, ABBT incorporates mindfulness strategies, cognitive behavioral interventions, ACT and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). One aspect of ABBT protocol is psychoeducation regarding the acceptance-based model: teaching individuals how worry serves as a strategy for avoiding more distressing internal experiences and about the more general roles of emotions in order to alterRead MoreDifference Of Initial Treatment Options For Anorexia Nervosa1786 Words   |  8 Pagesnew treatments are being researched every day. Re-feeding is known to be the cornerstone, initial treatment. However, the specifics of treatment are not currently def ined. Most therapeutic programs resort to a multidisciplinary treatment approach based off of clinical judgment and expertise. Treatment for anorexia nervosa is an ongoing challenge due to feeding complications and extremely high relapse rates. Future research is necessary to establish a gold standard initial treatment plan for anorexiaRead MoreEssay about Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Assessment1418 Words   |  6 Pagesown mind. He also admits that he cannot control these thoughts that come about randomly. Whether or not the patient has existing personality or developmental disorders is unknown. The patient does seem to have normal interpersonal relationships based on the information given. Bill does not have any known physical or medical conditions that may have influenced the above mentioned diagnosis. I believe that this diagnosis describes the patient enough that no other diagnosis can be assigned that accuratelyRead MoreGeneral Anxiety Disorders and Treatments Thereof1914 Words   |  8 Pages2011). Multiple treatment options are offered for people with GAD. Every psychologist’s goal is to find the treatment option that best suits the patient and will help them more in the long run. Treatments for this disorder comprise of cognitive behavioral therapy, pregabalin (a prescribed drug), antidepressants, and other psychological treatments. I would first like to explore the drug pregabalin, because many people see medication as an answer to everyone’s problems. I personally do not see itRead MoreBehavioral Treatments For Substance Use Disorders1495 Words   |  6 Pagespharmacotherapies over the last few decades, behavioral treatments remain an important component, and often the only evidenced-based component, for the treatment of various substance use disorders. Among those with the strongest level of empirical support from randomized clinical trials are 1) contingency management, where abstinence or other targeted outcomes are reinforced with incentives (Higgins et al., 1991; Petry, 2006), 2) cognitive behavioral therapy, which teaches specific strategies and skillsRead MoreThe, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )2899 Words   |  12 Pagesrole in depression. Depression to several psychoanalytic theorists and clinicians have come to be understood as conflicts and difficulties in coping. Anger is the central role in the onset of persistent depression. (Sahu, Gupta, 2014), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in anger management is the regulation of anger and then with the acquisition of skills would involve more adaptive alternatives to provocation. (Sahu, Gupta, 2014) When there is stress in the life of a caregiver who is caring forRead MoreEvidence-Based Treatments for Childhood Depression3114 Words   |  13 PagesEvidence-Based Treatments for Childhood Depression Abstract This paper discusses various published articles and literature that report on results from research conducted on the effectiveness of various approaches in treating childhood depression. The articles vary in their topics and strategies. This paper will examine each article and focus on treatments that have been proven to improve the symptoms of childhood depression. Methods Through extensive research on treatments of childhood depressionRead MoreDepression Treatments1690 Words   |  7 Pageset al. (2013) in Italy only 50% of the people who suffer from depression seek treatment. There is abundance of different depression treatments that can be put into four broad categories: pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, relation-focused, cognitive behaviour therapy [CBT] and self-help. When the depression treatments just emerged there was a lot of research into responsive and non-responsive patients. It was believed that the type of treatment should be chosen accordingly with the type of patient (McLeanRead MoreGroup Parent Child Interaction Therapy1510 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Study #2: Group Parent–Child Interaction Therapy Citation: Niec, L. N., Barnett, M. L., Prewett, M. S., Shanley Chatham, J. R. (2016). Group parent–child interaction therapy: A randomized control trial for the treatment of conduct problems in young children. Journal Of Consulting And Clinical Psychology, 84(8), 682-698. Previous Research: Parent management, based on behavioral principles, is considered the best treatment for children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or conduct

Employment Law and Employee Relations Assignment Free Essays

string(131) " the employer is required to have acted reasonably and following a suitable disciplinary process would be a key component of this\." Introduction Employment relations between employers and employees are managed by several different sources. There are a variety of statutory provisions which govern the acceptability of certain behaviours by either party. Key legislative provisions that will be referred to throughout this case study include the Employment Rights Act 1996 (ERA) and the Equality Act (2010) EqA, amongst others. We will write a custom essay sample on Employment Law and Employee Relations Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each of the three situations here will be looked at individuals although it is noted that each of the three people in question are employees and there is no need to consider the tests of whether or not the individuals are self-employed or employed for the purposes of statutory protection (although this was not as clear with Sally, see below for analysis). Each employee has also been issued with a contract which is presumed to be compliant with the minimum statutory requirements. Each scenario will be looked at in turn. Jim The discussions associated with Jim and his recent civil partnership indicate that there is a prima facie argument being presented by Jim that he is being discriminated against by virtue of his sexual orientation. Jim has argued that he has been given a less favourable shift pattern and that this is due to his sexual orientation and his statement that he is likely to be seeking to take time off to raise a child in the near future. He has also indicated that he has been subject to abuse from a colleague by virtue of his sexual orientation. Jim is now off work ill and has suggested that he may wish to resign. The danger from the Council point of view is that Jim resigns and states that he was constructively unfairly dismissed by virtue of his treatment due to sexual orientation. Although he has only been employed for a period of 18 months and this would typically mean that he had not have the appropriate qualifying period for unfair dismissal. However in accordance with section 19 of EqA there is no qualifying period and this therefore presents a danger to the Council. In order to potentially argue this, Jim would have to show that he had suffered from discrimination, harassment or victimisation in the work place as a direct result of his sexual orientation. In accordance with the EqA 2010 direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, harassment and victimisation are all outlawed. Jim is seemingly arguing that he is being directly discriminated against as he is being given worse shifts than his counterparts who are heterosexual. In order to prove this there would need to be a comparator so that he could show that he has been treated comparatively worse than his counterpart, the comparator having circumstances that are not materially different to Jim (Shamoon, 2003). Therefore in this case it would be necessary to look at the treatment of someone who is in all ways similar to Jim with the exception of sexual orientation. The facts as indicated here are not sufficiently clear to show whether or not on balance Jim has been treated any differently than other colleagues with the revised shift patterns. There is also an additional concern faced by Malcolm in that in the case of Martin (2006). In this case it was held that the investigation of the grievance process was in itself discriminatory as the manager had failed to give the complainant the necessary time and a ttention, instead dismissing his grievance as petty. Malcolm’s response to Jim’s verbal statement is therefore a concern and although a formal grievance has not been raised the matter needs to be treated with greater concern in order to investigate the complaint fully. In relation to the investigation of victimisation and harassment, the full process needs to be followed in order to comply with the requirement of the EqA to protect Jim. Section 26 of the EqA deals with the conduct that has the effect of being discriminatory by virtue of victimisation and harassment. Again the full facts have not been ascertained as yet and although Jim feels the emails are coming from a colleague this would need to be investigated fully. The crucial aspect of this scenario however is to deal with the grievance in an appropriate manner. Malcolm’s previous brushing aside of Jim could in itself create allegations of discrimination and this needs to be rectified as a matter of urgency. A failure to do so could result in Jim bringing a claim for constructive, unfair dismissal with the possibly of the tribunal awarding compensation for injury to feelings. This is aimed at being compensatory and not punitive but nonetheless presents a real danger to the Council (Corus, 2005). Frank This scenario deals with an employee that is known for several misdemeanours over the two years of his employment, most notably going out during the week and weekend and attending work in a manner that is seen to be unacceptable. His latest error as a result of this activity has resulted in a potential substantial loss to the Council. There is no indication that his action with the transcription error happened when he was doing anything outside of his authority within work. It is also noted that he is paid a minimum wage or ?5.13 at 19 years of age which does not indicate that he is an apprentice. That said being 19 and recognised to have substantial weaknesses in his performance which do not seem to have been picked up previously places the Council in a weaker position. Despite this, it is evident that his error has caused a substantial loss and as such it is reasonable for the Council to look towards a disciplinary. The principles of fairness when conducting a disciplinary are contained in the ACAS Code of Practice on Disciplinary and Grievance Produces (2012) as well as the non-statutory guide that is also created by ACAS. More formally, S98 of ERA states that in order for an individual to be dismissed the employer is required to have acted reasonably and following a suitable disciplinary process would be a key component of this. You read "Employment Law and Employee Relations Assignment" in category "Essay examples" In the event that the process is not followed and Frank then claims unfair dismissal the failure to follow the process could result in an uplift of any award by 25% (Section 207 of Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992). Firstly it is necessary for the employer to consider whether formal action is necessary. It is not clear whether previous misdemeanours or poor performance has been dealt with formally or informally and this should be looked at as a matter of priority. However for the purposes of this advice it is suggested that these have not been dealt with formally in any way. Where a discussion is to be recorded formally on the record of an employee, as is likely to be the case her section 11 of the Employment Relations Act 1999 will become relevant and the statutory right to be accompanied needs to be taken into account. It was confirmed in the case of Sarkar (2010) that where the disciplinary could result in dismissal it is not acceptable to use an informal process. The potential loss here is substantial and therefore it is possible that the Council could be looking at gross misconduct. Frank has the qualifying period of 2 years service and could therefore potentially claim unfair dismissal making it vital that the processes are followed correctly. The employer needs to act promptly as if it fails to indicate the severity of the situation to the employee there is a danger that it would be seen to have affirmed the contract and accepted the employees repudiatory breach (Cook, 2009). A full investigation is necessary which will then potentially lead to the disciplinary procedure. The position of the employer should however be reserved for the duration of the investigation. During the investigatory meeting and the disciplinary meeting (if there is one subsequent) the employee has the right to be accompanied. The level of investigation necessary is dependent on the severity of the accusation (A, 2003). Where an employee is at a serious risk of long term impact for example being dismissed and receiving a professional detriment a much more thorough investigation is required. Based on this and the underlying need to act reasonably Frank should be suspended in order for the investigation to take place. He should be informed of his rights and obligations during the period and also how long he is likely to be suspended for. As the conduct is sufficiently severe that it could result in dismissal this is a crucial step and the investigations should be very thorough. There are concerns that the Council has been aware of performance issues and has not yet dealt with the matter. Furthermore it would seem unreasonable that a junior individual was able to make such a costly error and this will have to be born in mind when determining the severity of the disciplinary process to be followed. Sally Sally’s contractual status is questioned initially as she is currently working various hours with a weekend on call every month. Sally has been located at the Council office for 3 years with a set desk and specific hours. This level of control is considered to be sufficient to comply with the definition of employee as per section 230 of the ERA 1996. This is a matter of fact and law and it is suggested that as she was required to personally preform the contract and the Council had a high level of control she would be deemed to be an employee (Carmichael, 2000). Based on this it would be the case that Sally is entitled to the statutory minimum holiday which is 20 days (excluding 8 bank holiday days). Sally has requested a change to her current working hours which is dealt with a flexible working request and secondly she is likely to be interviewed alongside others for the full time vacancies which have now arisen, should she wish to apply and would not want to be discriminated against by virtue of her caring role for her terminally ill mother. Since June 2014, employees with at least 6 months’ continuous service have been able to apply for flexible working for any reason. The employer is then under a duty to deal with the request in a reasonable manner and be fair in the way that they treat the application (Duncan, 2012). Crucially, in accordance with section 13 of the EqA it is possible for an employer to be directly discriminating against an individual who is treated less favourably due to the disability of an associated person (Coleman 2008). This situation is potentially difficult for the Council to manage and there is at least some argument that Sally is not in fact an employee. On balance however this is not a valid argument given the prescriptiveness of the hours of work and the physical base in the council as well as the personal nature of the services provided. The Council would therefore be required to provide paid holiday and to provide Sally with her contract of employment. Furthermore any requests for flexible working would need to be dealt with fairly and when looking to fill full time roles, Sharon would have to ensure that she did not discriminate against Sally as this could result in disability discrimination despite the fact that the disability is not suffered by her directly. Conclusions In summary, Jim should be offered a full and diligence grievance procedure to prevent him resigning and later claiming constructive unfair dismissal by virtue of sexual orientation discrimination. Frank should be dealt with formally through the use of the disciplinary procedure with a full investigation and if necessary a disciplinary that conforms with statutory requirements. Sally is, on balance, an employee and needs to be managed with due care to the disability discrimination rules and the need to be fair and reasonable when considering any flexible working requests. References ACAS (2012) Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures Available at: http://www.acas.org.uk/media/pdf/k/b/Acas_Code_of_Practice_1_on_disciplinary_and_grievance_procedures-accessible-version-Jul-2012.pdf A v B [2003] IRLR 405 Carmichael v National Power plc [2000] IRLR 43, Coleman v Attridge Law and another [2008] ICR 1128 Cook v MSHK Limited and another [2009] EWCA Civ 624, Corus Hotels plc v Woodward and another UKEAT/0536/05, Duncan, N (2012) Employment Law in Practice, City Law School (London, England, Oxford University Press) p.216 Employment Relations Act 1999 Employment Rights Act 1996 Equality Act (2010) Martin v Parkam Foods Ltd ET/1800241/06 Sarkar v West London Mental Health NHS Trust [2010] IRLR 508 Shamoon v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary [2003] ICR 337 (HL) Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 How to cite Employment Law and Employee Relations Assignment, Essay examples

National School Lunch Program free essay sample

Do you like affordable food? What about a healthy meal? â€Å"A starving child is a frightful sight, † says Anne Rice during an interview. Some would say that school meals taste, smell, and look gross, but the meals are balanced so that every one is healthy like in the My Plate on www.letsmove.gov. The National School Lunch Program should continue in schools because it helps low-income families, the meal is healthy, and the school benefits from the funds. The National School Lunch Program helps low-income families. â€Å"Any child at participating school may purchase a meal.† No matter the age, status, race, gender a child who needs food during school and after during school sponsored activities can have a decent meal. â€Å"Children from families with incomes at or below 130% of the poverty level qualify for free meals.† Like said before lunches are balanced healthy meals, rather the look appetizing or not. We will write a custom essay sample on National School Lunch Program or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 basically states that public school are required to follow nutritional guidelines during this year if they want government lunch funding. High school lunches are supposed to be no more than 850 calories. That is a good-sized meal. Along with the meals being healthy, this program also benefits the school! The National School Lunch Program should continue in schools because it helps low income families, the meal is healthy and the school benefits from it. Everyone deserves to have a meal while at school. Also nutrition shouldn’t hinder a decision to eat or not, a healthy meal a day never hurt anyone. Why would schools ever decide to remove funding from their schools? The National School Lunch Program is here to stay. I challenge everyone to realize we are the lucky ones that have this possibility for food during school. Many people around the world would be thankful for having any food items at all.

Technology For Humans Essays - Technology, Human,

Technology For Humans A Comment about Technology It is my understanding that in the past 200 years, technology has advanced at an astonishing rate. Mans advances in modern science have led to several cures for once common fatal diseases. I believe the average life span of Americans in the early 1800s was something like 40-45. At present an American man can expect to live to about 76. I believe fundamentally, as humans, we have a desire to live eternally. In part, technology exists for that reason. Also, technology exists to better our lives. Just how much better our lives have become over the centuries could be argued. I see two sides to this issue. One train of thought says that technology has brought us leisure, comfort and knowledge. Another train of thought proclaims that we have become slaves to our jobs and the dependence of technology. Cogs in a great combine. Technology

First Impression Essay Example

First Impression Essay Example First Impression Essay First Impression Essay Eric ZavalaEnglish 101Professor Terry Benjamin14 September 2014My First Impression in English 101 The first day in my English 101 class has brought me excitement and eagerness that will help me to be successful in the class. Unlike the other English classes I took I find English 101 as entertaining and something to look forward every day. The best part of English 101 is that this class can allow me to show my strengths and weakness of reading and writing. English 101 provides me with a great opportunity to improve on my writing skills, which is an area I need assistance. My first impression of English 101 is that it can be beneficial to students, including myself who are seeking improvements in making my writing better, it will allow me to make my vocabulary to expand by reading books and will help me to accomplish my expectations in the class. My first impression of English 101 is that it can benefit myself by improving on my writing and making me a better writer. Writing essays and research paper has been considered one of my weakness subject because of my organization and grammar usage that is affecting my writing. As a writer, I bunched my ideas everywhere and there is no sense what I want to write about. On the other hand, one of my strengths of writing is that I can write a clear thesis statement and my brainstorming is well written. English 101 is a class that will prepared me to become a improve writer and will allow me to receive the assistance of students who will be happy to help my writing and make it better. Due to my professor expectations of English 101, I understand that in order for myself to improve on my writing I must show effort and dedication to my writing. This English class will provide me a great opportunity to express my ideas of writing and provided the help of my fellow peers who needs my assistance to become successful. Expanding on vocabulary is an important key component that will help a student to improve on

Descartes and the Existence of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Descartes and the Existence of God - Essay Example Descartes meditation about the existence of God cannot be used to serve as proof of the existence of an Evil Demon. This is because Descartes establishes a clear line of thought that is specific to his a priori existence of God. Central to his argument is the fact that his knowledge of God is anchored on a distinct idea on the existence of a supreme being (Marion, 2008). As such, there must be the existence of an idea first of all before a given claim of body of knowledge is verified. For Descartes, this distinct idea resided in his mind (Nolan, 2011). It is this idea that gave him the essence of God as a supreme being. It is an idea that could not be verified through empirical methods. The existence of an Evil Demon, in line with the thinking of Descartes, can only obtain if it is backed by a distinct idea. There must first exist the essence of the Evil Demon that is crystallized into Descartes mind in order for him to make a claim about the existence of such a being. One of the cen tral arguments upheld by Descartes is that essence implies existence. It would follow logically that the absence of essence effectively negates all possibilities of existence. Without the essence of the Evil Demon in distinct form it would be vacuous to assert any claim of such an existence. Therefore, this would mean that Descartes could claim the existence of God but refrain from making any assertions on whether or not some Evil Demon actually exists. Proof of such existence could be derived from.

Brand Extension Marketing Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brand Extension Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example Lavington Green Village is an estate that is mainly made up of high class persons who live luxurious lives. Therefore, the customers mainly demand products that will improve their living standards or increase their lifestyles. Low class products do not have an impact on the market since the people already have the product. This is known from the statistics taken by Clean-So Company. Secondary market trends; these will be short term price fluctuations in the market which may last for only a few days or weeks. Under this trend, the prices may rise or may fall. This trend will affect the way in which the customers view the product because; customers may generalize a price increase to have affected all the products in the market (Winer, 2004). Secular market trend; under this trend, customers are likely to change their tastes and preferences since the trend is long-term. Primary market trend; this trend will also influence the customers since it lasts for a year or more. Therefore, by at the end of one whole year the customers will have changed to other products (EconomyWatch, 2010). The market is growing since; statistics show that there has been a continuous increase in the users of the products each year. The population also keeps on increasing and hence, the users of the products keep on increasing in number. The growth trends observed includes cyclic and exponential trends. This is evidenced by the data which shows that the numbers of customers have been increasing exponentially. A growing market implies an increasing demand and hence; the company will address it by increasing the output. Strengths; the company has three key strengths which include; it has a strong marketing unit and hence can attract a large number of customers. The company also has qualified and experienced employees. Thirdly, it has the strength of being innovative and creative. However, the company

Personal values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal values - Essay Example This is of specific reference for me as I believe that the advantages of a diversified workforce can provide various benefits to an organization as a whole. This is due to the fact that each culture has its own positive input into the business mix, if managed correctly. This appears to be the case, as the performance appraisals reveal that a more nurturing and encouraging environment is evident from the analyses of these appraisals. The entire customer service ethos within Kudler is remarkable, as this is revealed in the mission statement of the company. Issues such as professional courtesy are of specific relevance, in terms of their customer care. In my appreciation of these factors, I am in total agreement of the customer service aspect as the correct treatment of the customer can, and normally does contribute to the business’ success and overall profit. Incorporated in the consumer care, Kudler continues to strive for additional choices of products for the customer, and although at times this may prove to be expensive in terms of the cost of holding the inventory, it will rather encourage the repeat customer as well as the addition of new customer seeking such a large variety in terms of their shopping requirements. The fact that the Kudler organization is a small business and is poised for growth, contributes to my personal value of growth. This represents an opportunity for growth and advancement within the business, as it expands and opens more stores across California and further when they decide to expand beyond the Californian borders. This in turn will offer the opportunity of progressing from a junor management role into a more senior management position as the company expands. This ties in with my personal value of personal growth, which can be applied as the organization grows into a larger and more expansive retail operation, as it grows towards the planned San Francisco store and expansion. Additionally

Different Reactions From The Brine Shrimp Biology Essay

Different Reactions From The Brine Shrimp Biology Essay The objective of the Pharmacology Lab is to find the lethal chemical(s) or the LD50 relevant to a certain genus. In order for a chemical to be considered the LD50, 50% of the population of the organism present in a container must die. A total of three trials and four tests are completed to determine whether or not the chemical has the ability to kill the brine shrimp. The three trials contain 5mL of the chemical in each container, while the four tests have different amounts of the chemical in each container. The amount of water used for both the trials and tests remain constant at 40mL. Once the correct amount of the required substances and brine shrimp are placed into their respective and labeled containers for both trials and tests, they are then moved under a desk light. For the next duration of time, the death rate of the brine shrimp and the physical or behavioral changes visible are observed and recorded. After performing the experiments, the data shows that a great number of t hese selected regular household items have deadly chemicals in them that can kill other living organisms if given the right amount of dosage, including humans. Out of all five products, the LD50 was only found in soda and hydrogen peroxide. Lemon juice, nail polish remover, and hand sanitizer were not considered the LD50 because the death rate percentage was higher than 50%. This research provides a better understanding of how toxic household chemicals are. Products that were created for consuming such as the Lemon Juice and Soda were found to instantly and over a certain amount of time, kill the brine shrimp once in contact. II. Introduction In this experiment, one of the main purposes is to find the LD50 of several household chemicals on Brine Shrimp. LD means lethal dose of a certain product. The LD50 formula gives the estimate of deaths of half a population when receiving the molarity of each chemical. A possible solution to this problem is to perform and experiment where an organism is tested on with different types of chemicals for the death rate. Brine shrimp, the genus used, are aquatic crustaceans that can be grown by adding water and brine shrimp eggs into a tank. This process takes approximately two days. Brine shrimp lives in salt water, but can also survive in regular water for 24 hours. Completing this experiment determines whether they can survive a certain about of chemicals in different time intervals. This lab contains five different chemicals including: nail polish remover, hydrogen peroxide, lemon juice, hand sanitizer, and lemon soda. These household chemicals are tested as the positive controls, whil e the negative control is water. With five positive controls, there would be different results from each chemical. As the experiment takes place through four tests; each containing 3 trials; the observation of the deaths of brine shrimp demonstrates the amount of time they can survive in new obscure habitats. The test of each chemical shows whether there are traces of deadly substances, which could help find the measures of toxicity in each chemical. Testing the toxicity by molarity and time shows the maximum amount of toxicity that humans can handle to be able to survive. The experiment is an example of how living organisms react to chemicals. The brine shrimp will play the role of the organism. However, different organisms will have different reactions depending on their adaptations and physical traits. As the brine shrimp take in the chemicals, the inability to survive increases. The death of the aquatic crustaceans shows how toxic harmless household chemicals can truly be.This lab will explore the ingredients from the five chemicals used. The observations of the LD50 will determine which chemical is deadlier than the others, causing the public to be more aware of these fatal factors. III. Methods: The brine shrimp are grown by adding water and brine shrimp eggs into a tank. Brine shrimp takes two days to mature enough to be experimented on. The lethal chemical(s) or the LD50 are found by placing different substances mixed with water into containers with nine brine shrimp. Through a series of tests and trials, the lethal chemicals are distinguished. A total of three trials and four tests are completed to determine whether or not the chemical has the ability to kill the brine shrimp. The three trials contain 5ml of the chemical in each container, while the four tests have different amounts of the chemical in each container; (5ml, 10ml, 15ml, and 20ml). The amount of water used for both the trials and tests remain constant at 40ml. Once the correct amount of the required substances the brine shrimp are placed into their labeled containers for both trials and tests. Next, the Brine shrimp are moved under a desk light because they are attracted to any form of light. The death rate and physical or behavioral changes of the brine shrimp are observed and recorded in tests with intervals of 10-minute trials and 5-30 minutes. This lab consists of four tests and three trials for five different chemicals to find the LD50. The positive controls include: Super Chill Lemon Lime soda, hydrogen peroxide, House Recipe lemon juice, 2.2 oz. of Assured Aloe Vera scented hand sanitizer and 2.2 oz. of ONYX Professional lavender scented nail polish remover, while the negative control is water throughout the entire experiment. For each test, there are three trials performed beforehand. Twenty seven brine shrimp are needed for the trials. For each of the three trials, nine brine shrimp are obtained from the twenty seven. Then, 40mL of distilled water is added to the brine shrimp container through pipettes and graduated cylinders; the total volume of water for each trial is 40mL in order to maintain consistency. From each chemical, 5mL are added into the labeled containers of the 40 mL distilled water. Once all substances are added, the containers are placed under direct light from a desk lamp because brine shrimp are att racted to light. Through five tests after the three trials, various amounts of nail polish remover, hydrogen peroxide, lemon juice, hand sanitizer, and Sprite soda are added to its assigned containers. For each test, there will be four containers for the different amounts used of each chemical. The first container contains 5mL of the chemical while the other three containers will have an increase of 5mL from the prior container. This process will be done five times for the five chemicals used. The counts of deceased shrimp after each time interval are recorded over a course of 5 minutes to 30 minutes in percentages. Different reactions from the brine shrimp were recorded in the data table as well as pictures being taken. This procedure was used according to the outline given in order to achieve the objective of this lab. Given a certain the amount of time, three trials and four tests were used. In the procedure, several changes were included, instead of adding 40ml of water with the nine brine shrimp, 40ml of water was added to the desired chemical first to have enough time to collect the brine shrimp for the specific trial and test. IV. Data Data table for Trial: Peroxide (3 trials total) @ (5ml of chemical) PH: 7 Time interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 10 mins move erratically; attracted to light; hitting against the cup 0% 0 10 mins move erratically, attracted to light 11% 1 10 mins move erratically, attracted to light 11% 1 Data table for Test: Peroxide 5mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min has bubbles 0% 0 10 min has bubbles 0% 0 15 min has bubbles 22% 2 20 min has bubbles 22% 2 25 min has bubbles 33% 3 30 min has bubbles 33% 3 Data table for Test: Peroxide 10mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min has bubbles 44% 4 10 min has bubbles 44% 4 15 min has bubbles 44% 4 20 min has bubbles 44% 4 25 min has bubbles 44% 4 30 min has bubbles 44% 4 Data table for Test: Peroxide 15mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min has bubbles 33% 3 10 min has bubbles 44% 4 15 min has bubbles 44% 4 20 min has bubbles 55% 5 25 min has bubbles 55% 5 30 min has bubbles 55% 5 Data table for Test: Peroxide 20mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min has bubbles 33% 3 10 min has bubbles 33% 3 15 min shrimp turn orange 44% 4 20 min has bubbles 55% 5 25 min has bubbles 55% 5 30 min has bubbles 55% 5 Data table for Trial: Nail Polish Remover (3 trials total) @ (5ml of chemical) PH: 7 Time interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 10 mins hitting against the cup under the light 22% 2 10 mins hitting against the cup under the light 22% 2 10 mins hitting against the cup under the light 22% 2 Data table for Test: Nail Polish 5mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min has bubbles 11% 1 10 min has bubbles 22% 2 15 min has bubbles 22% 2 20 min has bubbles 55% 5 25 min has bubbles 66% 6 30 min has bubbles 66% 6 Data table for Test: Nail Polish 10mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min has bubbles 100% 9 10 min has bubbles 100% 9 15 min has bubbles 100% 9 20 min has bubbles 100% 9 25 min has bubbles 100% 9 30 min has bubbles 100% 9 Data table for Test: Nail Polish 15mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min has bubbles 100% 9 10 min has bubbles 100% 9 15 min has bubbles 100% 9 20 min has bubbles 100% 9 25 min has bubbles 100% 9 30 min has bubbles 100% 9 Data table for Test: Nail Polish 20mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min has bubbles 100% 9 10 min has bubbles 100% 9 -15 min has bubbles 100% 9 20 min has bubbles 100% 9 25 min has bubbles 100% 9 30 min has bubbles 100% 9 Data table for Trial: Lemon (3 trials total) @ (5ml of chemical) PH: 2 Time interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 10 mins some floats 100% 9 10 mins transparent with some orange 100% 9 10 mins completely transparent 100% 9 Data table for Test: Lemon 5 mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min completely transparent 100% 9 10 min completely transparent 100% 9 15 min completely transparent 100% 9 20 min completely transparent 100% 9 25 min completely transparent 100% 9 30 min completely transparent 100% 9 Data table for Test: Lemon 10mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min completely transparent 100% 9 10 min completely transparent 100% 9 15 min completely transparent 100% 9 20 min completely transparent 100% 9 25 min completely transparent 100% 9 30 min completely transparent 100% 9 Data table for Test: Lemon 15mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min completely transparent 100% 9 10 min completely transparent 100% 9 15 min completely transparent 100% 9 20 min completely transparent 100% 9 25 min completely transparent 100% 9 30 min completely transparent 100% 9 Data table for Test: Lemon 20mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min completely transparent 100% 9 10 min completely transparent 100% 9 15 min completely transparent 100% 9 20 min completely transparent 100% 9 25 min completely transparent 100% 9 30 min completely transparent 100% 9 Data table for Trial: Hand Sanitizer (3 trials total) @ (5ml of chemical) PH: 7 Time interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 10 mins shrimp turns orange 33% 3 10 mins all on the bottom 33% 3 10 mins against the wall 22% 2 Data table for Test: Hand Sanitizer 5 mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min turns orange 66% 6 10 min turns orange 66% 6 15 min turns orange 77% 7 20 min turns orange 77% 7 25 min turns orange 100% 9 30 min turn orange 100% 9 Data table for Test: Hand Sanitizer- 10mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min turns orange 22% 2 10 min turns orange 33% 3 15 min turns orange 55% 5 20 min turns orange 55% 5 25 min turns orange 88% 8 30 min turns orange 100% 9 Data table for Test:Hand Sanitizer- 15mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min turns orange 44% 4 10 min turns orange 66% 6 15 min turns orange 66% 6 20 min turns orange 66% 6 25 min turns orange 77% 7 30 min turns orange 100% 9 Data table for Test: Hand Sanitizer- 20mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min turns orange 88% 8 10 min turns orange 88% 8 15 min turns orange 100% 9 20 min turns orange 100% 9 25 min turns orange 100% 9 30 min turns orange 100% 9 Data table for Trial: soda (3 trials total) @ (5ml of chemical) PH: 7 Time interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 10 mins bubbles 22% 2 10 mins some are orange 22% 2 10 mins some are orange 22% 2 Data table for Test: soda 5 mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min bubbles 11% 1 10 min bubbles 11% 1 15 min bubbles 11% 1 20 min bubbles 11% 1 25 min bubbles 22% 2 30 min bubbles 22% 2 Data table for Test: soda 10mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min bubbles 55% 5 10 min bubbles 55% 5 15 min bubbles 55% 5 20 min bubbles 55% 5 25 min bubbles 55% 5 30 min bubbles 55% 5 Data table for Test: soda- 15mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min bubbles 44% 4 10 min bubbles 44% 4 15 min bubbles 55% 5 20 min bubbles 66% 6 25 min bubbles 66% 6 30 min bubbles 77% 7 Data table for Test: soda 20mL: Time Interval Observations Death (%) Deaths (#) 5 min bubbles 88% 8 10 min bubbles 88% 8 15 min bubbles 88% 8 20 min bubbles 88% 8 25 min bubbles 88% 8 30 min bubbles 88% 8 V. Analysis The LD50 for hydrogen peroxide is approximately 0.24 molars. Hydrogen peroxide has 3% Hydrogen Peroxide (Stabilized), Purpose First Aid Antiseptic/Oral Debriding Agent. Its Inactive Ingredient is Purified Water. Hydrogen peroxide is a deteriorizing agent that is commonly used as a hair bleach when diluted. An Oral debriding agent describes what the hydrogen peroxide can do. This means that the hydrogen peroxide when diulted in water can help heal minor mouth and gum irritation. Since all living organisms have an enzyme called peroxidase, it helps decompose low concentrations hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. . There is no LD50 for nail polish remover. Nail Polish remover has the ingredients: Acetone, aqua, denatonium benzoate, tocopheryl acetate, aloe barbadensis leaf juice, parfum(means perfume in french), Cl 45410(dye), Cl 60730(dye). Denatonium benzoate is a chemical compound known to prevent and discourage people from drinking harmful products. Tocopheryl acetate, also known as vitamin E acetate provides beneficial antioxidant effects. Aloe barbadensis leaf juice, also know as Aloe Vera is a plant. When consumed, it can help relieve irritable bowel syndrome and heartburn. Acetone is an organic compound that is a colorless and flammable liquid. Concluding that acetone is the lethal ingredient and causes the death of the brine shrimp when ingested, it will cause liver problems, which causes the liver to have a hard time breaking them down. Large intake of acetone can lead to unconsciousness and death. There was no LD50 for Lemon; the ingredients in the lemon juice packets include water, lemon juice concentrate, sodium benzoate, sodium bisulfite, and lemon oil. Sodium Benozoate is a type of salt often used a preservative because it works well at killing bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Sodium bisulfite is a food addictive. When in contact with chlorine bleach, it will release harmful fumes.The brine shrimp died within 20 minutes because of the sodium benzoate in the lemon juice packet, which is a type of salt mixed together with vitamin C causes a carcinogen substance called benzene. Benzene is a carcinogen because when exposed into the air, it can cause leukemia. Eating or drinking substances with high levels of benzene can cause vomiting, dizziness, sleepiness, and or death. It may not be lethal enough to kill humans yet, but having a high amount of the lemon juice packets can potentially kill a human or any living organism. There is no LD50 for Hand Sanitizer but the graph decreases and increases because there was a slight change in the number of brine shrimp needed in each container. The ingredients contained in this chemical are: water, triethanolamine, glycerin, propylene glycol, aloe barbadensis gel(another form of aloe vera), carbomer, fragrance, blue 1(dye), yellow 5(dye), and 62% ethyl alcohol. Triethanolamine is a chemical compound that occasionally causes contact allergy. Glycerin is a simple alcohol compound that is used as a sweetener and sometimes a preservative in food and beverages. Propylene glycol is an organic compound used in many applications such as a food addictive called E number 1520, moisturizer in medicine, and a solvent for food coloring. Carbomer is a synthetic polymer that forms an adhesive eye gel. 62% ethyl alcohol is a flammable liquid used as solvents and fuel. The brine shrimp died because of the 62% ethyl alcohol in the hand sanitizer, when consumed can cause death. Alt hough used in wine and any alcoholic drinks, the drinks only contain small concentrations of alcohol, legal enough to drink. The LD50 for Super chill lemon lime soda is approximately 0.19 molars. The ingredients in the soda are carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, citric acid, natural flavors, potassium citrate and potassium benzoate. High frutose corn syrup is comprised of many corn syrups that has undergone enzymatic(enzymes that catalyze) process that converts glucose into frutose for desired sweetness. There have been health concerns about raising the risks of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is a natural preservative and used to add a sour taste to food and soft drinks. Contact with dry citric acid can result in skin or eye irritation. potassium citrate is a food addictive and used to regulate acidity. It is also a potential health hazard when administered incorrectly. Elevated blood levels of potassium citrate can result in heart attacks and death. Potassium benzoate is a food preservative that inhibits the growth of yeast, mold, and some bacteria. T he reason why the brine shrimp died because of potassium citrate in the soft drink. Too much potassium citrate can cause irregular heartbeat and a risk of having a heart attack. Although there are potassium citrate pills sold in stores, they are only recommended if the person had been having a case of fatigue or muscle weakness. The kidney is responsible for eliminating excess potassium in the body. The molarity formula: iM1V1=1M2V2 was used to find the LD50 and true concentration of each chemical after all the substance has been added to container and totaled. The LD50 for Hydrogen Peroxide is 0.24 molars. The LD50 for Super Chill lemon lime soda is 0.19 molars. There are no LD50 for lemon, nail polish remover, and hand sanitizer because the deaths were higher than fifty percent. The standard deviation at 20 ml for Hydrogen Peroxide is approximately 0.833, for Nail Polish remover, lemon, hand sanitizer, and soda is 0. The chemicals included in this experiment are normally used in everyday use in the household. Chemicals such as peroxide are used to clean injuries or cuts. Hand sanitizer is used to clean 99.9% of bacteria on hands. Nail polish remover is used for getting the nail polish off of the fingernails. Lemon juice packets are used in making the dressing for a salad. The LD50 for Nail Polish remover is 1.159 g/kg for humans when digested. Unfortunately, the LD50 for the r est of chemicals are unavailable because they have only been conducted on rats and mice. Although the results of the data were both consistent and gradual in terms of death percentages, a few of the brine shrimp died before 5 minutes of data was recorded. This indicated that the brine shrimp could not live in the high toxicity levels on some of the chemicals used in this experimentation even with the addition of water. VI. Conclusion This lab is significant because the participants are able to discover the true dangers of certain household products such as hydrogen peroxide, soda, hand sanitizer, lemon juice, and nail polish remover. With everyday household chemicals, a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s health can be affected, thus finding the LD50 will tell us how toxic a certain item is. The use of the LD50 is to study the amount of a chemical that will kill 50% of the tested animal, which will show us how dangerous a product can truly be. Some insights include the participants testing the dangers of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“harmlessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  products. The lab offered similarities and an opportunity for a hands on experience of the procedures a toxicologist, like finding the cause and effects of poison. By using mathematical formulas like the molarity formula and the standard deviation formula, accurate and reliable data was collected to find the true concentration of the LD50 chemicals. For example, the data and calculat ions from these formulas show that one of the chemicals, Hydrogen Peroxide is the LD50 with a molarity of 0.24 molars. The data tables show that chemicals like the lemon juice, nail polish remover, and hand sanitizer are not the LD50. This is most likely due to the fact that these products contain amounts of citric acid and alcohol which results in death rates that are over 50%. In the trials and tests, many occurrences of errors and mistakes which could have affected the outcome of the results. In one of the hand sanitizer tests, 18mL was added into the mixture of substance instead of 20mL. Instead of counting the number of death at a certain time, some of the intervals were missed by a minute or two. This lab was not as accurate as expected because of the difficulties experienced during the beginning of the lab. For example, lotion was one of the chemicals to be tested on the brine shrimp prior to the lab. However, because the lotion was dense, it was difficult to mix with the wat er. Also, the color made it nearly impossible to see and count the brine shrimp. These errors could be easily avoided in the future by double checking the amount of a substance being added, keeping track of time, and using transparent products. For a clearer understanding several alterations of a procedure outline, being careful with the amount of measurements and constant data collection could be applied in the future.

Loyset Compère Motets (Orlando Consort) :: Composer Music Musical Musician Essays

Loyset Compà ¨re Motets (Orlando Consort) Loyset Compere, an accomplished yet not very well-known composer of the 15th century, has been neglected as a figure in musical history. Historians through the ages have somehow left him out of most of their writings. Therefore, as modern researchers and discoverers, we have very little resources from which to gather information about Compere. In fact, even his date and place of birth are argued upon by historians. Thus, our study is limited to what we see on the pages of his music and what we glean from the music we hear (MCD 1490, Carapetyan). It is believed that Compere wrote some motets for the French Royal court during his years there. Among these motets was the canon Asperges me Domine, a beautiful four-part canon in 4ths. It was written sometime between 1500-1505, although the exact date is not known for sure. This was towards the end of Compere's life when his experience as a composer was at its peak (Carapetyan and Finscher 255). The canon was a popular musical form of this period; however, a canon in 4ths was not. There are many aspects of this piece that make listening to it fascinating. The following pages will explore the intrigues of Aperges me Domine including its structure and its ties between music and text. Asperges me Domine is broken up into three sections, each section starting with a solo chant from the superius voice. After the chant, each section then continues with a canon starting in one of the four voice parts. The first section, which we will call section I, starts with the opening chant and ends with a strong cadence on measure 18. It uses six overlapping phrases to express the first sentence of text. The first canon starts with the bassus voice, but the starting voice changes throughout the piece. However, each canon, throughout, is sung at the fourth. There are four strong cadences, m. 2, m. 5, m.10, and m. 18, each marking the end of a thought in the text. There are also many other places that exhibit a kind of pseudo-cadence where the modern ear expects to hear a resolution, and the resolution is reached; however, movement among the middle parts nullifies the effect of the cadence. For example, in m. 12, the superius and the bassus parts seem to reach a cadence point, but the tenor and alto parts continue to move catching the listeners attention away from the cadence point.